Low-Cost Transformation of Biomass-Derived Carbon to High-Performing Nano-graphite via Low-Temperature Electrochemical Graphitization

Abstract

Graphite, an essential component of energy storage devices, is traditionally synthesized via an energy-intensive thermal process (Acheson process) at ∼3300 K. However, the battery performance of such graphite is abysmal under fast-charging conditions, which is deemed essential for the propulsion of electric vehicles to the next level. Herein, a low-temperature electrochemical transformation approach has been demonstrated to afford a highly crystalline nano-graphite with the capability of tuning interlayer spacing to enhance the lithium diffusion kinetics in molten salts at 850 °C. The essence of our strategy lies in the effective electrocatalytic transformation of carbon to graphite at a lower temperature that could significantly increase the energy savings, reduce the cost, shorten the synthesis time, and replace the traditional graphite synthesis. The resulting graphite exhibits high purity, crystallinity, a high degree of graphitization, and a nanoflake architecture that all ensure fast lithium diffusion kinetics (∼2.0 × 10–8 cm2 s–1) through its nanosheet. Such unique features enable outstanding electrochemical performance (∼200 mA h g–1 at 5C for 1000 cycles, 1C = 372 mA g–1) as a fast-charging anode for lithium-ion batteries. This finding paves the way to make high energy-density fast-charging batteries that could boost electromobility.